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180 simulations · 32 chapters

Biology simulations

Lumi has 180 free interactive Biology simulations for NEET, on the NCERT syllabus: 107 in Class 11 (19 chapters) and 73 in Class 12 (13 chapters). Each one lets you move a slider, drag a point or change a value and watch the idea respond, and each sits inside a lesson with the notes.

Also: Physics (187), Chemistry (115), Maths (85) · Biology lessons

The Living World · Class 11

2

Writing a scientific nameIn: Binomial nomenclature Climbing the taxonomic ladderIn: Taxonomic categories and hierarchy

Biological Classification · Class 11

4

Sorting organisms into five kingdomsIn: The five kingdom classification The sexual cycle of a fungusIn: Kingdom Fungi: body, nutrition and reproduction Where does each fungus make its spores?In: The four classes of fungi Build an infectious agentIn: Viroids, prions and lichens

Plant Kingdom · Class 11

6

Three ways two gametes meetIn: Algae: body and reproduction Which alga can still catch light down here?In: Green, brown and red algae Walk a moss through its lifeIn: Liverworts and mosses Which phase is the plant you see?In: Pteridophytes From free spores to a seedIn: Homospory, heterospory and the seed habit Does a pine need a second tree?In: Gymnosperm cones, pollen and ovules

Animal Kingdom · Class 11

7

How many ways can you cut it in half?In: Symmetry and germ layers Build a body plan, layer by layerIn: Coelom, segmentation and notochord Key out a mystery animalIn: Coelom, segmentation and notochord How water moves through a spongeIn: Sponges, cnidarians and comb jellies Chordate or not, and where the notochord goesIn: Chordates and non-chordates Staying up without an air bladderIn: Jawless and jawed fishes Heart chambers and body temperatureIn: Amphibians and reptiles

Morphology of Flowering Plants · Class 11

7

Grow a floral axisIn: Racemose and cymose inflorescence How many ways can you cut a flower in half?In: Flower whorls and symmetry Where do the other whorls join?In: Ovary position on the thalamus Set the petals in the budIn: Calyx, corolla and aestivation Join the stamensIn: Androecium Where do the ovules sit?In: Gynoecium and placentation Write a floral formulaIn: Floral formula and Solanaceae

Anatomy of Flowering Plants · Class 11

5

How a stoma opensIn: Epidermis and stomata Which bundle is which?In: Vascular bundles Two routes from root hair to xylemIn: Dicot and monocot roots Key out a sectionIn: Monocot stem Why does a grass leaf roll up?In: Isobilateral leaf

Structural Organisation in Animals · Class 11

3

Where is the frog breathing from?In: Respiration Blood through the frog heartIn: Circulation, blood and lymph Which duct carries what?In: Reproduction and development

Cell: The Unit of Life · Class 11

7

Crossing the cell membraneIn: Eukaryotic cells and the cell membrane Layers of a plant cell wallIn: Cell wall The secretory routeIn: Endomembrane system: ER and Golgi apparatus Two membranes, two organellesIn: Plastids Cilium axoneme or centriole?In: Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles Svedberg units in a centrifugeIn: Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles Where is the centromere?In: Nucleus and microbodies

Biomolecules · Class 11

8

Acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractionsIn: Biomacromolecules The iodine test for starchIn: Polysaccharides Nucleoside or nucleotide?In: Nucleic acids Building a protein, level by levelIn: Structure of proteins What does an enzyme change?In: How enzymes speed up reactions What speeds an enzyme up or slows it down?In: Factors affecting enzyme activity Malonate against succinateIn: Factors affecting enzyme activity Co-factors: prosthetic group, co-enzyme, metal ionIn: Classification of enzymes and co-factors

Cell Cycle and Cell Division · Class 11

5

The cell cycle clockIn: Interphase: G1, S and G2 The spindle checkpointIn: Prophase and metaphase Crossing over: when does it make something new?In: Prophase I Prophase I, stage by stageIn: Prophase I Count the chromosomes and the DNAIn: Meiosis II

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants · Class 11

7

Engelmann's bacteriaIn: Pigments involved in photosynthesis The Z schemeIn: Electron transport, splitting of water and photophosphorylation Making ATP from a proton gradientIn: Chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis The Calvin cycle's ledgerIn: Use of ATP and NADPH: the Calvin cycle (C₃ pathway)The C₄ carbon pumpIn: The C₄ pathway RuBisCO's choiceIn: Photorespiration Limiting factors in photosynthesisIn: Factors affecting photosynthesis

Respiration in Plants · Class 11

5

Glycolysis step by stepIn: Glycolysis Turning Krebs' cycleIn: Tricarboxylic acid cycle The electron transport systemIn: Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation The ATP ledger for one glucoseIn: The respiratory balance sheet The respiratory quotientIn: Respiratory quotient

Plant Growth and Development · Class 11

6

Arithmetic and geometric growthIn: Arithmetic and geometric growth Absolute or relative growth?In: Absolute and relative growth rate Callus cultureIn: Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation Apical dominanceIn: Auxins Plant growth regulator benchIn: Ethylene and abscisic acid ABA against GAIn: Ethylene and abscisic acid

Breathing and Exchange of Gases · Class 11

6

Breathing in by changing the chest's sizeIn: Mechanism of breathing Reading a spirometer traceIn: Respiratory volumes and capacities Gas exchange across the alveolar wallIn: Exchange of gases The oxygen dissociation curveIn: Transport of oxygen How blood carries carbon dioxideIn: Transport of carbon dioxide What drives your breathingIn: Regulation of respiration

Body Fluids and Circulation · Class 11

7

Matching blood for a transfusionIn: Blood groups Rh incompatibility in pregnancyIn: Blood groups The clotting cascadeIn: Coagulation of blood Tissue fluid and lymphIn: Lymph (tissue fluid)The heart's own pacemakerIn: The human heart One turn of the cardiac cycleIn: The cardiac cycle How much blood the heart pumpsIn: The cardiac cycle

Excretory Products and their Elimination · Class 11

6

Which waste can this animal afford?In: Nitrogenous wastes Short loop, long loopIn: The nephron Squeeze plasma through the filterIn: Glomerular filtration A day of filtrate, balancedIn: Reabsorption and secretion Down, up and down againIn: Counter current mechanism Three hormone loops on one kidneyIn: Regulation of kidney function

Locomotion and Movement · Class 11

5

Sliding, not shrinkingIn: Mechanism of muscle contraction From nerve impulse to calciumIn: Mechanism of muscle contraction Build the rib cageIn: Axial skeleton Counting to 206In: Appendicular skeleton How far does each joint move?In: Joints

Neural Control and Coordination · Class 11

4

Three out, two inIn: Resting potential A wave along the axonIn: Nerve impulse Crossing the gapIn: Transmission of impulses Switch off one brain region at a timeIn: Midbrain and hindbrain

Chemical Coordination and Integration · Class 11

7

Two ways from the hypothalamus to the pituitaryIn: The pituitary gland Iodine, TSH and the size of the thyroidIn: Pineal and thyroid glands Two hormones hold blood calcium steadyIn: Parathyroid gland and thymus Insulin and glucagon keep blood glucose steadyIn: Pancreas LH and FSH run the testis and the ovaryIn: Testis and ovary Hormones from the gut and the heartIn: Hormones of heart, kidney and gut Where does a hormone's receptor sit?In: Mechanism of hormone action

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants · Class 12

5

Building the embryo sacIn: The embryo sac Design a flower for wind or for beesIn: Kinds of pollination and its agents Which devices stop selfing?In: Outbreeding devices and pollen-pistil interaction Ploidy map of the fertilised ovuleIn: Double fertilisation Endosperm first, then the embryoIn: Endosperm and embryo

Human Reproduction · Class 12

5

Hormones that run the testisIn: Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis One oocyte, one ovum; one spermatocyte, four spermsIn: Gametogenesis: oogenesis Hormones of the menstrual cycleIn: The menstrual cycle Meeting in the ampullaIn: Fertilisation and implantation Hormones of pregnancyIn: Pregnancy and embryonic development

Reproductive Health · Class 12

3

What an IUD does inside the uterusIn: Intra-uterine devices A 28-day calendar: the pill and the fertile periodIn: Pills, injectables and implants Where does it go? GIFT, ZIFT and IUTIn: Infertility and assisted reproduction

Principles of Inheritance and Variation · Class 12

7

A one-gene cross in pea plantsIn: Inheritance of one gene: dominance and segregation Dominance: complete, incomplete or co?In: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance and multiple alleles ABO blood groups: who can have which child?In: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance and multiple alleles A two-gene cross: seed shape and colourIn: Inheritance of two genes: independent assortment Linked genes and a genetic mapIn: Chromosomal theory, linkage and recombination Tracing a sex-linked trait through a familyIn: Genetic disorders: pedigree and Mendelian disorders Non-disjunction and the karyotypes it makesIn: Chromosomal disorders

Molecular Basis of Inheritance · Class 12

8

Build a DNA double helixIn: The double helix and central dogma Packing 2.2 m of DNA into a nucleusIn: Packaging of the DNA helix Hershey and Chase: is it DNA or protein?In: The search for genetic material Meselson and Stahl: how does DNA copy itself?In: Replication The replication forkIn: Replication Template strand, coding strandIn: Transcription Reading the genetic codeIn: The genetic code and mutations The lac operon switchIn: Regulation of gene expression: the lac operon

Evolution · Class 12

6

One bone plan, four mammal limbsIn: Homology and analogy Moths on a trunk: natural selection in actionIn: Natural selection seen in action Darwin's finches: one ancestor, many beaksIn: Adaptive radiation Hardy-Weinberg: from allele frequency to genotypesIn: Mutation and the Hardy-Weinberg principle Three ways selection reshapes a bell curveIn: What disturbs the equilibrium Genetic drift: allele frequency changing by chanceIn: What disturbs the equilibrium

Human Health and Disease · Class 12

6

The two-host life cycle of PlasmodiumIn: Malaria and amoebiasis Immune memory: primary and secondary responsesIn: Acquired immunity Active and passive immunity: fast but fading, or slow with memoryIn: Active and passive immunity A lymphocyte's journey: primary and secondary lymphoid organsIn: Lymphoid organs HIV: years of silent declineIn: AIDS Contact inhibition, lostIn: Cancer

Microbes in Human Welfare · Class 12

4

From yeast to drink: ferment, then distil or notIn: Fermented beverages The aeration tank: flocs eat the organic matterIn: Secondary treatment and BOD The whole sewage plantIn: Secondary treatment and BOD Ladybirds, aphids and BtIn: Biocontrol agents

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes · Class 12

11

Palindrome hunt: where a restriction enzyme can bindIn: Restriction enzymes Sticky ends: cut with one enzyme, join with ligaseIn: Restriction enzymes Agarose gel electrophoresis: small fragments run fartherIn: Gel electrophoresis pBR322: finding recombinants by replica platingIn: Cloning vectors Blue-white screening: colourless colonies carry the insertIn: Cloning vectors Only DNA linked to an ori is copiedIn: Cloning vectors Heat shock: getting DNA into E. coliIn: Plant and animal vectors, and competent hosts Isolating DNA: open the cell, clean up, spoolIn: Isolating and cutting DNA PCR: copies double every cycleIn: PCR One PCR cycle: set the three temperaturesIn: PCR Batch or continuous cultureIn: Inserting DNA and getting the product

Biotechnology and its Applications · Class 12

5

Bt toxin: inactive in the bacterium, active in the insect gutIn: Bt cotton RNA interference: a double strand silences the nematode's mRNAIn: RNA interference Human insulin: assembling the mature hormoneIn: Genetically engineered insulin ADA gene therapy: why the lymphocytes must be topped upIn: Gene therapy Catch it before the symptomsIn: Molecular diagnosis

Organisms and Populations · Class 12

3

Population growth: exponential (J) and logistic (S)In: Logistic growth and life history Population interactions: the sign tableIn: Population interactions Competition: exclusion or partitioningIn: Competition

Ecosystem · Class 12

6

Gross and net primary productivityIn: Productivity Decomposition of a bag of leaf litterIn: Decomposition From sunlight to herbivoresIn: Energy flow Pyramid of energy: the 10 per cent lawIn: Trophic levels and the 10 per cent law Ecological pyramids: upright or inverted?In: Ecological pyramids One sparrow, two trophic levelsIn: Limits of trophic levels and pyramids

Biodiversity and Conservation · Class 12

4

Species from equator to poleIn: Latitudinal gradients Species-area relationship: what Z meansIn: Species-area relationship The rivet popper hypothesisIn: Diversity and ecosystem stability Habitat fragmentation: the same loss, cut two waysIn: The evil quartet