Biology · Class 12 · Chapter 9
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
11 lessons 84 min 2 simulations
This chapter explains how genes are moved between organisms. It starts with what biotechnology means. It then covers the tools of recombinant DNA technology: restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, cloning vectors and competent hosts. The processes come next: isolating and cutting DNA, amplifying it by PCR, putting it into a host and selecting transformants. It ends by growing the product in bioreactors and purifying it by downstream processing.
What the exam asks
NEET asks how restriction enzymes are named (EcoRI), palindromes and sticky ends, exonuclease versus endonuclease, gel electrophoresis (DNA moves to the anode, smaller fragments travel farther, ethidium bromide under UV, elution), pBR322's features (ori, ampR, tetR, rop, the BamH I site in tetR), insertional inactivation and blue-white selection, competent cells with calcium and a 42°C heat shock, micro-injection and the gene gun, the enzymes that break cells open (lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase), the three PCR steps and Taq polymerase, and stirred-tank bioreactors with downstream processing. Marks are lost by sending DNA to the cathode, by mixing up which antibiotic plate the recombinants survive, and by reading blue colonies as recombinant.
Lessons
11 lessons · 84 min
1What biotechnology isNCERT §9 (chapter introduction)6 min2Principles of genetic engineeringNCERT §9.17 min3Restriction enzymesNCERT §9.2, §9.2.17 min4Gel electrophoresisNCERT §9.2.1 (separation and isolation of DNA fragments)9 min 1 sim5Cloning vectorsNCERT §9.2.2 (i)-(iii)7 min6Plant and animal vectors, and competent hostsNCERT §9.2.2 (iv), §9.2.37 min7Isolating and cutting DNANCERT §9.3, §9.3.1, §9.3.26 min8PCRNCERT §9.3.310 min 1 sim9Inserting DNA and getting the productNCERT §9.3.4, §9.3.56 min10Bioreactors and downstream processingNCERT §9.3.5, §9.3.66 min11Chapter reviewMust-know facts, traps and formulas13 min