115 simulations · 19 chapters
Chemistry simulations
Lumi has 115 free interactive Chemistry simulations for NEET and JEE, on the NCERT syllabus: 51 in Class 11 (9 chapters) and 64 in Class 12 (10 chapters). Each one lets you move a slider, drag a point or change a value and watch the idea respond, and each sits inside a lesson with the notes.
Also: Physics (187), Biology (180), Maths (85) · Chemistry lessons
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry · Class 11
4From grams to moles to atomsIn: The mole and molar massFrom mass per cent to a molecular formulaIn: Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulaWhich reactant runs out first?In: Stoichiometry and the limiting reagentMolarity drifts with temperature, molality does notIn: Reactions in solutions: concentration terms
Structure of Atom · Class 11
8Fire alphas at gold foilIn: Thomson and Rutherford modelsBuild a nuclideIn: Atomic number, isotopes and isobarsLight that knocks out electronsIn: Planck's quantum theory and photoelectric effectBohr's ladder and hydrogen's linesIn: Bohr's model of the hydrogen atomOne electron, bigger nucleus: H, He⁺, Li²⁺, Be³⁺In: Bohr's model of the hydrogen atomCount an orbital's nodesIn: Shapes and energies of orbitalsWhy 4s fills before 3dIn: Shapes and energies of orbitalsFill the orbitals, one electron at a timeIn: Filling of orbitals and electronic configuration
From configuration to place in the tableIn: The s, p, d and f blocksHow big is an atom?In: Atomic and ionic radiiTen electrons, a growing nucleusIn: Atomic and ionic radiiPulling an electron offIn: Ionization enthalpyWhich atom welcomes an extra electron?In: Electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure · Class 11
5Thermodynamics · Class 11
7The first law: a ledger of energyIn: Work, heat and the first lawSame start, same end, different workIn: Pressure-volume workBomb or open cup: ΔU or ΔH?In: CalorimetryHess's law: add the stepsIn: Hess's lawBonds broken, bonds formedIn: Enthalpies of combustion, atomisation, bonds, lattices, solution and dilutionEntropy is spreading outIn: Spontaneity and entropyWhen does a reaction go on its own?In: Gibbs energy and spontaneity
Equilibrium · Class 11
9Equilibrium is dynamicIn: Law of chemical equilibrium and KcHeating limestone in a closed vesselIn: Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria; KpAn ICE table for PCl₅In: Applications of K and the reaction quotientRolling downhill to equilibriumIn: K, Q and Gibbs energyPush an equilibrium and watch it push backIn: Factors affecting equilibria: Le Chatelier's principlepH of a strong acid and a weak acidIn: Ionisation of water, pH, weak acids and weak basesWhy some salt solutions are not neutralIn: Common ion effect and hydrolysis of saltsA buffer holds its pHIn: Buffer solutionsWhich salt dissolves more?In: Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
Redox Reactions · Class 11
4Counting σ and π bondsIn: Carbon's tetravalence and the shapes of organic moleculesFind the parent chain, then name itIn: IUPAC nomenclatureWhich intermediate is most stable?In: Electron displacement effectsThe inductive effect fades along a chainIn: Electron displacement effectsSteam distillation boils below 100 °CIn: Methods of purificationLassaigne's test for N, S and halogensIn: Qualitative analysis: detecting elements
Hydrocarbons · Class 11
3Solutions · Class 12
4What does the vapour over a mixture contain?In: Vapour pressure and Raoult's lawWhen does a mixture stop obeying Raoult's law?In: Ideal and non-ideal solutionsWhy does salt lower the freezing point more than it raises the boiling point?In: Depression of freezing pointWhat pressure stops water crossing a membrane?In: Osmosis and osmotic pressure
Electrochemistry · Class 12
3Chemical Kinetics · Class 12
8One reaction, three rates?In: Rate of a reactionCan you find a rate law from initial rates alone?In: Rate law and rate constantWhich plot turns the data into a straight line?In: First-order reactionsHow does a reactant run out: steadily or by halves?In: Half-life and pseudo first orderDo half-lives shrink, stay or grow?In: Half-life and pseudo first orderWhy does a little heat speed a reaction so much?In: Temperature and the Arrhenius equationWhat does a catalyst change, and what does it leave alone?In: Effect of a catalystIs a hard enough collision always enough?In: Collision theory
The d- and f-Block Elements · Class 12
7Which electrons leave first when a 3d atom forms an ion?In: Position and electronic configurationWhy is hafnium no bigger than zirconium?In: Physical properties and atomic sizeWhy is copper the odd one out?In: Electrode potentialsCounting unpaired electrons with a magnetIn: Magnetic propertiesWhere exactly does the pink stay?In: Potassium dichromate and permanganateDoes chromium change when the colour does?In: Potassium dichromate and permanganateHow many electrons does permanganate take?In: Potassium dichromate and permanganate
Coordination Compounds · Class 12
7How many chlorides can silver find?In: Werner's theoryCount the ligands or the donor atoms?In: Coordination number and oxidation numberBuild coordination isomers and turn them in 3DIn: Geometrical and optical isomerismWhich orbitals does the metal use: inner d or outer d?In: Valence bond theoryPair up or climb the gap?In: Crystal field theorySame ligands, different shape: does the split change?In: Crystal field theoryHow does the ligand set the colour of a complex?In: Colour in coordination compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes · Class 12
7Which C–X bond is the most polar?In: The carbon-halogen bondDoes doubling the nucleophile double the rate?In: SN1 and reactivity orderWhere does the positive charge go?In: SN1 and reactivity orderWhich way does the product face?In: Stereochemistry of substitutionWhich β-hydrogen goes?In: Elimination and reactions with metalsCan Wurtz make any alkane you like?In: Elimination and reactions with metalsWhere should the nitro group sit?In: Reactions of haloarenes
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers · Class 12
7Where do H and OH land?In: Preparing alcoholsCumene to phenol: where does the rest go?In: Preparing phenolsWhich phenol gives up its proton most easily?In: Acidity of alcohols and phenolsLucas test: which tube clouds first?In: Esterification, HX and dehydrationHow far can each alcohol be oxidised?In: Oxidation of alcoholsWilliamson synthesis: which pairing gives the ether?In: Preparing ethersWhich C–O bond does HI break?In: Ethers: properties and reactions
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids · Class 12
7The oxidation ladderIn: Preparing aldehydes and ketonesCut the C=C: ozonolysis and hot KMnO₄In: Preparing aldehydes and ketonesGrignard reagent + carbonylIn: Nucleophilic additionWhy do aldehydes add nucleophiles faster?In: Nucleophilic additionWhich carbonyl compound passes which test?In: Oxidation and the testsAldol builderIn: α-Hydrogen reactions and usesHow strong is each acid?In: Physical properties and acidity
Amines · Class 12
7Count the carbonsIn: Gabriel and Hoffmann methodsHow basic is each amine?In: Basic character of aminesGas phase or water: the basicity order flipsIn: Basic character of aminesWhat a ring group does to aniline's lone pairIn: Basic character of aminesWhich amine passes which test?In: Nitrous acid and Hinsberg's reagentNitrating anilineIn: Electrophilic substitution in anilineKeep the diazonium salt coldIn: Diazonium salts: making and handling
Biomolecules · Class 12
7D and L: a label for the drawing, not for the lightIn: D and L: relative configurationClosing the sugar ringIn: Ring forms of glucose and fructoseWhich sugar reduces Tollens' reagent?In: Disaccharides and the glycosidic linkInvert sugar: the reading falls through zeroIn: Disaccharides and the glycosidic linkZwitter ion: which form wins at each pHIn: Amino acidsWhat does heat undo in a protein?In: Peptides and the four levels of protein structureBuild the partner strandIn: Nucleic acids