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Must-know facts

20 facts

1Three tissue systems: epidermal, ground (fundamental), vascular (conducting).
2Cuticle is absent in roots.
3Guard cells: bean-shaped in most plants, dumb-bell shaped in grasses; inner wall thick, outer wall thin; they contain chloroplasts.
4Stomatal apparatus = pore + guard cells + subsidiary cells.
5Root hairs are unicellular; shoot trichomes are usually multicellular.
6Ground tissue = all tissue except epidermis and vascular bundles; in leaves it is the mesophyll.
7Open bundle has cambium (dicot stem); closed bundle has none (monocot).
8Radial bundles: roots. Conjoint bundles: stems and leaves, phloem usually outside the xylem.
9Dicot root example in NCERT: sunflower.
10Endodermis of root: barrel-shaped cells, no intercellular spaces, casparian strips of suberin on radial and tangential walls.
11Lateral roots and the vascular cambium arise from the pericycle.
12Dicot root: two to four xylem patches, small pith. Monocot root: usually more than six (polyarch), large pith, no secondary growth.
13Stele = pericycle + vascular bundles + pith (everything inside the endodermis).
14Dicot stem hypodermis: collenchyma. Monocot stem hypodermis: sclerenchyma.
15Starch sheath = endodermis of the dicot stem.
16Dicot stem pericycle: semi-lunar sclerenchyma patches above the phloem.
17Dicot stem bundles: ring, conjoint, open, endarch protoxylem.
18Monocot stem bundles: scattered, conjoint, closed, sclerenchymatous bundle sheath, no phloem parenchyma, water-containing cavities; peripheral ones smaller.
19Dorsiventral leaf: more stomata on the abaxial side; palisade adaxial, spongy abaxial.
20Isobilateral leaf: stomata on both sides; mesophyll undifferentiated; bulliform cells in grasses roll the leaf when flaccid.

Common traps

Where marks are lost

Giving the monocot stem a collenchymatous hypodermis.

Collenchyma hypodermis belongs to the dicot stem. The monocot stem's hypodermis is sclerenchyma.

Saying the guard cell wall facing the pore is thin.

It is the reverse: the inner wall (towards the pore) is thick, the outer wall is thin.

Calling root vascular bundles conjoint.

Root xylem and phloem lie on different radii: radial. Conjoint bundles belong to stems and leaves.

Placing casparian strips in the pericycle.

Casparian strips are suberin bands on the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells.

Calling the stem endodermis the casparian layer and the root endodermis the starch sheath.

The starch sheath is the dicot stem endodermis, rich in starch grains; casparian strips are described for the root endodermis.

Giving the monocot root a small pith and two to four xylem bundles.

That is the dicot root. The monocot root is polyarch (usually more than six) with a large pith.

Saying the isobilateral leaf has stomata only on the lower side.

Isobilateral leaves have stomata on both surfaces; dorsiventral leaves have more on the lower (abaxial) side.

Thinking bulliform cells open the leaf when water is short.

Flaccid bulliform cells make the leaf roll inwards to save water; turgid ones let it open.

Counting the endodermis as part of the stele.

The stele starts inside the endodermis: pericycle, vascular bundles and pith.

Key terms

20 terms

Anatomy: The study of the internal structure of an organism.
Cuticle: Waxy layer on the outside of the epidermis that limits water loss; missing in roots.
Guard cells: The pair of cells that enclose a stomatal pore and open or close it.
Subsidiary cells: Epidermal cells near the guard cells that have become different in shape and size.
Stomatal apparatus: The pore, its guard cells and the subsidiary cells taken together.
Trichome: A hair on the shoot epidermis, usually multicellular.
Mesophyll: The chloroplast-bearing ground tissue of a leaf.
Open vascular bundle: A bundle with cambium between xylem and phloem, able to make secondary tissue.
Closed vascular bundle: A bundle without cambium, so no secondary tissue forms.
Radial bundle: Xylem and phloem in separate patches on different radii, as in roots.
Conjoint bundle: Xylem and phloem together on the same radius, as in stems and leaves.
Epiblema: The outermost layer of the root, many of whose cells form root hairs.
Casparian strips: Bands of suberin on the radial and tangential walls of root endodermis cells.
Pericycle: Layer just inside the endodermis; origin of lateral roots and the vascular cambium.
Conjunctive tissue: Parenchyma lying between the xylem and phloem patches of a root.
Stele: All tissues inside the endodermis: pericycle, vascular bundles and pith.
Polyarch: Having many xylem bundles, usually more than six, as in the monocot root.
Starch sheath: The starch-rich endodermis of the dicot stem.
Endarch: Protoxylem towards the centre and metaxylem towards the outside of the bundle.
Bulliform cells: Large, empty, colourless adaxial epidermal cells of grass leaves that roll the leaf when flaccid.

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